Possessive

A possessive form is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense. In English, possession is in fact expressed in only about 40 percent of the situations labeled as “possessive” by some linguists, which is why many consider the term incorrect and misleading and instead prefer others, especially the more traditional term “genitive”. Possessive forms that occur with a noun and indicate the possessor of the referent of that noun, thus serving as determiners or adjectives, are called possessive determiners or possessive adjectives (see below). Examples include the English words my and Jane’s as used in the phrases my friends and Jane’s work. Possessive forms that indicate the possessor of something but occur independently, without qualifying a noun, are called possessive pronouns. Examples in English include the words mine and yours as in mine is red and I prefer yours. Forms such as Jane’s in I prefer Jane’s perform the same function, though they are more rarely described as possessive pronouns, being derived from nouns. Nouns or pronouns taking the form of a possessive are sometimes described as being in the possessive case, although the description of possessives as constituting a grammatical case in languages like English is often disputed. A more commonly used term in describing the grammar of various languages is genitive case, though this usually denotes a case with a broader range of functions than just producing possessive forms. Some languages occasionally use the dative case to denote the possessor, as in the Serbo-Croatian kosa mu je gusta “his hair is thick” (literally “the hair to him is thick”, where “to him” is the dative pronoun mu). Some languages, such as the Cariban languages, can be said to have a possessed case, used to indicate the other party (the thing possessed) in a possession relationship. A similar feature found in some languages is the possessive affix, usually a suffix, added to the (possessed) noun to indicate the possessor, as in the Finnish taloni (“my house”) and Hungarian háza (“his/her house”), formed from talo and ház (the respective nouns meaning “house”). In Hungarian this affix is also used when the possessor is represented by a full noun – “Peter’s house” may be translated either as Péter háza (literally “Peter his-house”), or with an additional dative marker on the possessor noun: Péternek a háza (“to-Peter the his-house”). The glossing abbreviation or may be used to indicate possessive forms.

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